1
2
  -2023
/ 5 
   
(   -V)
   : 3 .  :100
:                     
     
 -
1.                    
   
2.      :
(i)   
(ii)   
(iii)   I   II  
(iv)    
 -
3.    -           
2
2
4. x² (- )            ,  
   
 -
5.     180            :
.
1
2
3
4
5
6

25
35
40
22
32
26
180
6. 8  7          :
 A: 9 11 13 11 15 9 12 14
 : 10 12 10 14 9 8 10
            5%     
 -
7.    ?          
 ANOVA      
8.                   :

  
200 230 250 300
3
2
190 270 300 270
240 150 145 180
         ?
4
2
  -2023
/ 5 
   
(   -V)
   : 3 .  :100
:                     
     
 -
1.                    
   
:       
  ,               
      ,         
         
1.     :            
                
   ,        
2.     :          ,   
  ,      ,        
  ,            ,  
   ()              
   ,   
     
            
:
5
2
1. 
     , ,       ,  
              
        ,    
  ,           ,   
        ,   
2. 
               
              
                , 
       
  ,           ,   
       ,       
  
3. 
     , -    ,    
       ,       ,   
                  
    ,      
  ,         -  
    ,         
4.  
                
              
          
  ,         ,      
    
5.  
  ,          
(MVUE)             
       
6
2
6. 
               , 
            ,  
  ,            
          
       :  -x    μ\   
            
             ,  
      
      :       
  ,   1/n ( n   )   
    ,         , 
       1/(n−1)    
      
 ,             
   ,            
  (MSE)     ,         MSE
          :
=+( )2
  MSE    ,          
   , -,     MSE     
   ,         
     
       ,         
    :
1.   :          ,
        
2.           ,  , 
         
                  
 
7
2

 ,              
 ,     , ,        
               
                 -
  ,            

2.      :
(i)   
:"  "      ,    
                
       ,         
            
   
  ,           
            ,     
      ,            
      ,          , 
         
,            :
  I :    ( )   
  II :   ( )      
    II              
  ,               
,                
,         ,     
   ?
              
       ,       ,  
    ,             
               
8
2
 ,          ,   
      
        
1.   :     ,     
              
              
        
2.    :             
             
      ,          

3.   ( ):             
           ,   (α\alphaα
  ) 0.05     ,      I    5%
         ,    I     
 ,               
       
4.   :            
            ,   
      
 
   ,            
                 
   80%     ,       100   80   
             ,    
            ,      
         ,      (
  I    II    
 ,  I   II          (α\alphaα)  
   I         II      ,  
                   

              
            ,  
                
9
2
     ,           
                  
              
(ii)   
:      ,       
              
    , ,         
 ,             
   
       :
 ?
                
         ,      
  :
  (H₀):            ,  
      
  (H₁):        ,    
    
     ( -  -)      
             
   ,              
     
     ?
1.   (α)  :   ,    (   α   
  )             
        0.05 (5%)  0.01 (1%) 
2.          ,    
          , z- ,  α =
0.05 ,    1.96  -1.96 (-    )    
    -     
10
2
3.      :      ( z  t)
    ,          
 (, z-  1.96     )   ,  
             ,   
       
       ?
  ,   ,        
                 
  ,               
    ,  :
             
             
             , 
   
      ,          
  ,        
   
                
                
     :
1.     :
o   (H₀):          

o   (H₁):      
          
2.   :    α = 0.05  ,      
        5%       
3.     :      ,     
(  , -     z = ±1.96)      
  ±1.96   ,        
11
2
4.        :    ,  
     ,         
    2.1
5.  : 2.1, 1.96      ,     
            
      
      
      (α)   ,   I  (   
     )     
            
   ,         
           -   ( 
   )  -   (     )

    ,           
      ,        
  ,           
             
    ,   -        
   
(iii)   I   II  
:   I   II    ,   
                 
                 
   
  
 I   II      ,      
     ,            
 ,       :
1.   ():              
 ,          ,      
          
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2
2.   (H₁ Ha):         ,
            
        ,            
              
    ,       ,     
   ,     I   II    
  I  ?
 I                 
      ,               
  I   
                   
   (H₀)          ,  
 (H₁)               
       ,      ,    I  
      , ",     ,"      
 ,     ,         
  I    -  
  ,  I       :
          
   :          
         ,      
     I 
 ,    I         ( α    
 )           I      
α     0.05  0.01 ,         
  5%  1%       
 α ( 0.01)   ,   I         ,  
 II          (     )
13
2
  II  ?
 II                ,  
       ,           , 
   
  II   
      ,  II           (
   ),             
      , ",      ,"     

  II    -  
 II     I        :
 :        
   :      
  :       ,       
   
      II 
 II      β ()       , 
        , 1 - β         
 II      
              
           ,    
        II          
  I    II     
  I   II         :

 
 
  
 I 
     
  
    ,   
   ( )
 II

      
    
    (
)
14
2
    ,           
 ,   ,  I           
     ,    ,  II     
         
  I    II    
       ,    I   II  
                 
     ,    I         
  ( α = 0.01)   ,         
 ,   II     
               
    :
  :      I   II      

  (α):α      I          II
  
   (1 - β):      II     
 ,   I     
  I    II   
        ,       
     
1.   I  (   ):       
 ()             , 
     
2.   II  (   ):        
()       ,        
 ,       ,       
 ,              
      
 :     ,    I    
               
 ,          ,   II    
               
    
15
2
   :    ( I )        
 ,     ( II )        
   

   I   II      ,     
      I              
  ,        ,  II   
             ,   
           ,  
               
(iv)    
:" "  " "       
                 
  --     :
  (H0) ?
                 
               
   ,               
   ,        
             ,    
             
  ,        , “     
       
  (H1) ?
 ,              
                ,     
    ,     
       ,         
     
  ,    , “   ,”   
16
2
      ?
              
               
              
               
   
   
1.   :        

2.   : ,         
3.   :          
             

4.  :     ,      
   (     )    
     (          
)
     
              
                
, "          " 
  , "     "
         ,     
                
       ,         ,
       
    
         :
1.   I  (   ):         
          ,       
        ,       
        
2.   II  (   ):         
 ,        ,       
17
2
    ,          
     
    - 
              
    p-value      ,      
             p-value (  0.05
 )                
 ,   p-value           
   
 ,             
                   
                 ,
                 
 
 -
3.    -           
:   -   
 -      ,      
  ,             
" "     ,           
  
-    :
 -             
                
   :
 :
\bar{x}xˉ   ,
18
2
μ\muμ    ,
sss    , 
nnn   .
- -    ,      ,   
  ,            - 
          
-  :
1.       :-         
        (  30  )     
,  -       ,  z-  
  
2.    : -      (df)    , 
- -    n−1n - 1n−1      ,  
   ,           - 
   ,      
3.   :    , -         
       ,       
,         
4.       :-         
 ,      ,      ,
        ,       
       
5.  -  :-    -   
 :
o - -:         
      
o - -:        
o  -:           
  (  ,      )     
               
       
6.       : -         
              
(  z-   )     , -   
19
2
   ,           
(
7.    :-          
       -      z- 
              
,                
        
8.       -     , - 
           ,    , 
          
9.  - :-          
  :
o  ,             
            
o  ,            
     
o  ,           
          
  :
-              
      ,            -
         ,    , 
     ,        
  ,    -  ,      
          ,      
               ,  
             
 
20
2
4. x² (- )            ,  
   
:- (χ²)       ,   
              
                 
 ,   ,       ,      
-  (χ²)     
-         "  " (k)    
 k       XXX       (PDF)
    :
 :
xxx            ,
kkk        (      ),
Γ\GammaΓ    (         
        )
-                ,
         ,         
         
 -    
1.  
-    (  )         
 k     -   ,     :
μ=
      -     , -    

2. 
,         ,       :
=2k
21
2
,      ,            
   -   
3. 
-   ,          ,  
       :
=k−2
,      k>2k>   k=2,   0   ,   k<2k,  
   ,             
4.    
-              
  :
 =
     ,        , 
  ""   ,     :
- k  ,       ,    
()    
-    
    (k = 1  2)  , -    -  , 
    
     -     ,  
            ,  k    
(  30   ),  -       

 -    
-              :
  -  :          
          --  
        
22
2
  :-         
      ,   ,       
      
 ,     
-          ,      
    , k     -   
k/2k/2k/2   2            
 ,     :
: -     E(X)        ,  k
 : -           ,  2k
 
 :,       ,      
   ,  k>2   k−2
  
-         ,   
             
       
  ,  -    
,              , 
         ,        
        
             
 ,        ,    -
      
23
2
-
5.     180            :
.
1
2
3
4
5
6

25
35
40
22
32
26
180
:  
          180    ,    
( 1  6)          :
    
1
2
3
4
5
6

25
35
40
22
32
26
180
   :
 1 25  
 2 35  
 3 40  
 4 22  
 5 32  
 6 26  
:     ,     ,      
    
-- 
1.      :       ,   1  6    
     ,             
180            ,   
,          ,    
 ,    
2.      ,    :
24
2
o      1/6    
o     180  ,          180
= 30  
6
3.        :     
 30     :
o  1:  = 25,  = 30
o  2:  = 35,  = 30
o  3:  = 40,  = 30
o  4:  = 22,  = 30
o  5:  = 32,  = 30
o  6:  = 26,  = 30
        ( 2  3),       
( 1  4)         ,     
 :       ,      ?
4.       -      ,    
       -       (
    )     (    
 )   
o -    :
 :
OiO =  i    
EiE =  i    
              ( 
 1  6 )
o      -      :
25
2

 (O)
 ()
( - )
( - )^2
( - )^2 /
1
25
30
-5
25
0.83
2
35
30
5
25
0.83
3
40
30
10
100
3.33
4
22
30
-8
64
2.13
5
32
30
2
4
0.13
6
26
30
-4
16
0.53
7.78
o    -  7.78 
o  ,      -      
    (df)    −1=6−1=5\text{ 
} - 1 = 6 - 1 = 5  −1=6−1=5.
0.05     , 5     -    11.07  
7.78, 11.07   ,            
         ,       
5.     :-    ,      
               
       
    :  
,         "    "    
   ,         
,     ,      -   
1.     : ,       - 
        , 
   ()  
   ()          
                 
               ,  
            
    
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2
2.     :
o   , -     ( 
)             
    ,        - 
 ,             ,  
   ?          
o   ,          
,         ,      
             
  
3.      -  :
o               -
        ,    
                
o  ,   (  ,   )  
   ,     (,     
)       -    
              
4.          :
o   STEM (, ,   )    
 ,         
,            -
        
o           ,   
         
5.         :
o             
            , 
         
o               
            ,
          
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2
o 
      ()   
             
     
6.         :
o   ,        
          ,   
           
       
o            
        

 ,  -    ,       
             
                 -
          ,   
 -              
-           ,   
               , 
                  
   
6. 8  7          :
 A: 9 11 13 11 15 9 12 14
 : 10 12 10 14 9 8 10
            5%     
:        (   )       5%
     ,          
     - -       
                   
28
2
 1:    
      :
 :9, 11, 13, 11, 15, 9, 12, 14
 :10, 12, 10, 14, 9, 8, 10
        -   -    
        A     ( )  B   
   
 2:     
 ,         ,      
   :
1.   (H₀):            
  ,       :
 3:   
                 
 ,  5%   (α=0.05\alpha = 0.05α=0.05)      
    p- (   ) 0.05   ,      
            
 4:      
-            
 A  :
 A     ,  A            (
  8)   
 A  = 9+11+13+11+15+9+12+14 = 94 = 11.75
8 8
   :
  ,  B    
   =10+12+10+14+9+8+10 = 73 = 10.43
7 7
 5:       
29
2
                  
        ,       :
 :
Xi=      ,
ˉ=    ,
N=     
 A :
1.  A      A   (11.75) 
o (9 - 11.75) = -2.75
o (11 - 11.75) = -0.75
o (13 - 11.75) = 1.25
o (11 - 11.75) = -0.75
o (15 - 11.75) = 3.25
o (9 - 11.75) = -2.75
o (12 - 11.75) = 0.25
o (14 - 11.75) = 2.25
2.      
o (-2.75)^2 = 7.5625
o (-0.75)^2 = 0.5625
o (1.25)^2 = 1.5625
o (-0.75)^2 = 0.5625
o (3.25)^2 = 10.5625
o (-2.75)^2 = 7.5625
o (0.25)^2 = 0.0625
o (2.25)^2 = 5.0625
3.        
7.5625+0.5625+1.5625+0.5625+10.5625+7.5625+0.0625+5.0625=33.5
30
2
     1    (  A  8  ,  7    )
  :
1.  B      B   (10.43) 
o (10 - 10.43) = -0.43
o (12 - 10.43) = 1.57
o (10 - 10.43) = -0.43
o (14 - 10.43) = 3.57
o (9 - 10.43) = -1.43
o (8 - 10.43) = -2.43
o (10 - 10.43) = -0.43
2.      
o (-0.43)^2 = 0.1849
o (1.57)^2 = 2.4649
o (-0.43)^2 = 0.1849
o (3.57)^2 = 12.7449
o (-1.43)^2 = 2.0449
o (-2.43)^2 = 5.9049
o (-0.43)^2 = 0.1849
3.        
0.1849+2.4649+0.1849+12.7449+2.0449+5.9049+0.1849=23.73
     1    (  B  7  ,  6    )
 6:    (- )   
          ,   - -  
     -     :
31
2
:
xˉA  xˉB\bar  A   B   ,
s2A, s2B  A   B   ,
nA  nB  A   B   
      :
 ,    :
,      :
0.59875+0.56571=1.16446
  :
1.16446=1.079
, t-    :
 7: -        
       -  ,    -  
         (df)     (5%)  

  - -            :
13     5%    -    , t   
 2.160
32
2
 8: 
    t- (1.223)   (2.160)   ,     
         5%      A   B 
      
     :
   (   )   ()    ,   
        
-             ,   
      5%      
    ,       ,    
        
             ,    
     ,    -     ,    
      
 -
7.    ?          
 ANOVA      
:: 1.   ()  ?
           ( )   
                   
          : "       ,  
    ?"
 :      ,         -
                 
       ,      - ,   
     ANOVA             
          
33
2
2.    ?
       :
              
           
  ,            ,    
 ,               
      
3.      ?
               
 :
          
    :    .
        , ANOVA        
         
4.      
     ,         , 
       :
.   
             ,  
       ,        
   :        ,  ANOVA    
  , ANOVA   ,        

.    ( )
         (  )    
   :         ,  ANOVA   
     ,      (   )
.   
                   
             
34
2
   :      ,   ANOVA      
  ,   -          ,   
-     ,      
5.    
     ,              
   :
. - 
             ( )   
                 
        
     -  (,   )   
     ,     ,    - 
        
-   :
1.    :
o   (H0):        (  , 
        )
o   (H1):         ( 
,        )
2. -    : ANOVA  F-     ,   
           F-
         
3.     : F-    (     
    )   ,         ,
          
. - 
-           ( )     
          
 :        (, , )  
(, , )            :  
,             
35
2
- ANOVA      :
  (  )   - 
           (  ,  
             
   )
6. -   -    

- 
- 
 

    
    
 

     
  ?
        ?
       ?

 -  (
 =  )  
     

  (3 )   
(, ) (  =   
)       


    
        
 
7.       
  ANOVA  ,    p-   F-     

-            
 -          
-      -    < 0.05 ,   
              
 
8. -
 ANOVA    ,             
  ,       (HSD)   -
36
2
                
   
9.       
 :
1.         :         
 ,  -      
2.            , ANOVA    
      
3.    :     , ,    
      
 :
1.        :   ,    
            ,  
  
2.             :     
       ,          
-   
10. 
  , ANOVA              
                  
                 
-            
-                
          
         ,       ,
                 
     ,            
    
37
2
8.                   :


  
1
200 230 250 300
2
190 270 300 270
3
240 150 145 180
         ?
:            (, , , )  
    ,            
 ()                
         
ANOVA      
 1:    
  (H₀):        
  (H₁):            
 2: 
     :
 

 
 
 
1
200
230
250
300
2
190
270
300
270
3
240
150
145
180
38
2
 3: ANOVA   
   (  )          
        
1.                
       
2.     :           
      
                
    :
()    ):         
   (SSW):          
  ():    
        ,   F-    ,  SSB  SSW 
   F-   5%    F-      
   
 4:      
    F-     ,      
,              
               , 
    5%      ,       -
    ,       
  ,     ANOVA      F-    , 
                F-
 ,               
:              ( )       
         ,              